Hatchet – Gary Paulsen

Ax ESSAY Brian Robeson, the primary character in Gray Paulsen’s epic Hatchet experiences issues subsequent to slamming in the Canadian wild. In any case, he can endure in light of the fact that he gains from his slip-ups and he turns out to be increasingly positive and strong. When Brian endures the plane accident he at first thinks that its extremely hard to adapt in his new condition. His garments were doused and sloppy, he was freezing cold and his anorak had been torn. As he was for all intents and purposes unmoving a â€Å"swarming swarm of mosquitoes ran to his body. † He was being eaten alive yet didn’t have the vitality to battle back!Brian moved toward the lake and everything he could see was his ‘ugly’ impression of his pounded face. Brian was hopeless and desolate and discouraged. He could recollect how in the city it was all dark and dark however now he was in a green nature. Brian had no food so he figured out how to discover a few berri es which he called â€Å"gut cherries† in view of the gigantic stomach torments they gave him. He was fulfilled that he had food however it was nothing contrasted with what he could eat back home. One night while dozing Brian felt something on his leg, he awoken to see a porcupine close to his foot.Without thinking he kicked it and stalled out in his foot, Brian then tossed his ax at the porcupine yet didn’t hit it and arrived against the divider in his cavern. Brian felt so annoyed with himself. â€Å"It was very a lot and he couldn’t take it. † So it tends to be seen that at first Brian positively thinks that its difficult to get by in the wild. In spite of the fact that Brian thinks that its troublesome from the outset, he can endure on the grounds that he gains from his mix-ups and he is persevering. After the episode with the porcupine Brian required rest so he set down on his side and shut his eyes.That night Brian had an odd dream his closest compa nion Terry and his dad were in it. His father was attempting to address him about how he tossed the ax against the divider and that in the event that he did it again starts would come. His fantasy wasn’t at all reasonable yet Brian figured out how to discover its motivation. The following morning Brian investigated his fantasy over and over. He got his ax and continued reaching the stopping point with it. Brian realized that he required something to keep the sparkle alive so he snatched a couple of twigs and destroyed a twenty dollar note that he happen to have in his pocket.At first he didn’t succeed however with his constancy Brian made another companion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ fire†. Brian had still been eating gut fruits and required something new. Brian was down at the lake and seen some unusual tracks over the sand, he figured they may have been turtle tracks so he tailed them to discover turtle eggs covered, around 12 or something like that. Brian immediately aired out one and drank what was inside. He was in paradise and was going insane over these eggs. He realized he needed to leave a few so he returned the rest to his sanctuary. Brian realized he had a fire and he realized that his safe house was close to the lake.And what lives in the water? Fish do. Brian could make a fish stick! He cut a stick with his ax and started his assignment of attempting to get a fish. It wasn’t working, the fish would simply swim away when Brian raised his arm or made the smallest of developments. He required a superior weapon, possibly a bow and bolt. Brian’s fire had gone out while he was outside and incidentally a plane had flown past. Brian was shouting out to attempt to get the pilots consideration yet without the smoke he didn’t appear to look down.Brian was wrecked within, he just didn’t need to trouble any longer. He got his ax and began slitting his wrist. The following day Brian woke up upset yet subsequent to taking some time to consider he was a renewed person, he gained from his missteps and improved a fire which he would continue and he would not let any person or thing hinder his endurance. He even figured out how to finish his bow and bolt, he was giving it a shot when the bolt supported into his face. He didn’t need to be vexed so he improved a bolt which would hold.Brian recollected from past involvement in the lance that the light refracts in water so he knew precisely how to get a fish. The difficulty was that it wasn’t as simple as he considered an hour of attempting Brian at last got one, his first fish. In all the time he’d spent so far in the Canadian wild he never figured he would feel so great. With the extra fish guts Brian places them in a shallower pool of water which obviously pulled in more fish. He at that point made a little net which fenced off the pool. He essentially had his on fish tank where he could eat any at any time.Because Brian is resolved and can gain from his errors he figures out how to persevere through this troublesome time. Over the long haul, Brian turns out to be increasingly positive and strong and he will not yield. Brian had been working out in a good way, he’d been eating fish and keeping up his fire so that if salvage came he’d be back home. Fish was getting sort of exhausting for Brian and he felt like meat. Obviously there were feathered creatures around, Brian could hear them constantly. The issue was how to get them? He could utilize his bow and bolt yet the winged creatures may take off at the sound of development sort of like the fish.Brian thought about a fledgling called a moron feathered creature. They have astonishing disguise abilities. Brian found that the moron fowls were formed rather like pears and that he should search for shapes not hues when attempting to catch these winged creatures. With his cerebrum and readiness Brian figured out how to kill one of the imbecile winged c reatures, having his authority â€Å"day of first meat. † Weeks had passed and still Brian hadn’t been protected, it was as though they’d disregarded him or possibly glancing in an inappropriate spot. However, Brian must be certain and think positive as he quietly held up day after day.He was doing all that he could consider right so why hadn’t he been protected at this point. Time would reveal to Brian thought. There would been no Brian Robeson without more wounds, similar to one day when he was down at the lake a moose came to get a beverage and thought of Brian as an ask so the moose slammed his leaving Brian without broken ribs as he suspected. Things weren’t going great, he could scarcely walk well and one night an awful thing occurred. He heard whirlwinds originating from hear there and all over. It was a tornado. Brian wasn’t safe right now and he was terrified for his life.The next morning he woke up to finish catastrophe. His safe h ouse had been destroyed, there were trees on the ground wherever you watched and out on the lake Brian could see that the tornado was that solid that is figured out how to move the plane so its tail was standing up. Brian expected to kick his shoot again he couldn’t hazard one more opportunity of not being safeguarded. So he repaired his safe house and lit the fire again yet at the same time he wasn’t saved. Brian was getting a piece tired of the circumstance that he needed to bring matters into his own hands.There probably been an endurance pack in the plane which he knew would have a type of salvage gadget so he set up a pontoon made out of logs he’d found after the tornado. With his messed up ribs Brian rowed out towards the plane. All he had with his was his ax. At the point when he got to the plane he tied the pontoon up and started looking at how he could get inside. Brian began hacking at the arrangement with his ax. At that point out of nowhere he droppe d his ax. He couldn’t trust it this time Brian had been lost the main valuable thing he had was his ax and now that was at the base of the dinky lake.He needed to recover it, he simply needed to! Brian plunged down into the lake glancing around yet wasn’t ready to see anything. He at that point jumped during a time figuring out how to get his ax. He at that point kept slashing at the plane. Following a couple of moments Brian had made it greater for him to simply fit through so he moved inside the plane. Brian glanced around and couldn’t see any sort of endurance unit or sack. So he plunged under and found the sack which was appended to the seat in the front of the plane. He figured out how to kick it and off creation out of the wreckage.As he was hauling the pack out he would move so Brian moved around whatever was inside and fortunately it came out. He rowed back to shore and back up to his sanctuary, where he at that point peered inside the sack. It had all t hat you could envision. Covers, pots, food, water, knifes however above all else Brian saw a handset sort of gadget he turned it on at the base yet it didn’t appear to do anything. Brian was ravenous to such an extent that he didn’t care about endurance at this moment. He saw bundles of food which you simply needed to include water and you were finished. Brian ate around 5 grown-up dinners and afterward he heard a noise.It seemed like a kind of plane, at that point he gazed upward. Descending arriving close to the lake was a plane and a man moved toward him and said â€Å"Your Brian Robeson, that kid that got lost aren’t you? † Brian said only â€Å"Would you like some food†. By declining to yield and staying positive, Brian endures his time alone in the Canadian wild. When Brian’s plane accidents it initially creates the impression that he will battle to endure. Anyway with each experience Brian figures out how to do things any other way an d this helps his endurance. He turns into an individual who can gain from his mix-ups and stay positive and decided in his new condition.

Review of Willa Cather’s My Antonia

My Antonia gives us that it requires some investment to truly reveal everyones genuine individual, and that a book’s spread seldom does the composing any equity. I additionally found that the Lone Plow speaks to a misstep that a significant number of us regularly end up making. In any case, for myself, the greatest expectation to learn and adapt from this book would be that life can now and again pass by gradually and appear to be exhausting and ordinary, yet before one knows it life changes, and one is left pondering, how the hell did I get here?Jim Burden’s life changes radically at 10 years old, when he is compelled to travel crosscountry via train to live on the Nebraska wilderness with his grandparents after the demise of his folks. Jim was joined by his father’s previous farmhand Jake. On that equivalent train made a beeline for Nebraska, there is a Bohemian family went to a similar spot. ? Jim's grandparents are straightforward yet kind individuals with li beral natures. He starts to appreciate the all the way open spaces of the boondocks. Not long after his appearance, the Burdens go to meet their new neighbors, the Shimerdas. Jim meets Mr.Shimerda, an informed performer, Mrs. Shimerda an irritable lady who appears to be requesting, the oldest child Ambrosch, Marek, Yulka, and the oldest little girl Antonia. Not long after gathering, Antonia and Jim become companions. The Shimerdas sadly are not faring admirably in their new nation, however do in the long run become companions with Peter and Pavel, two Russian men. Jim and Antonia become significantly nearer, after Jim dazzles her by murdering a snake. Winter follows, Jim gets sick, and Pavel dies. Dwindle then chooses to move away, which enormously disturbs Mr. Shimerdas.Right in perhaps the biggest blizzard that Nebraska had found in ten years. Mr. Shimerda ends it all after flawlessly orchestrating himself in the animal dwellingplace. The next day when Jim is disregarded in the ho use, he at that point feels Mr. Shimerda's soul. The Shimerda family demand that Mr. Shimerda’s body must be covered on their property. While disorderly, the memorial service function is moving. After this, the Burdens and a couple of different neighbors meet up as one out of a joined exertion to help the Shimerdas. So as to support her family, Antonia quits going to class and starts cultivating in the fields similarly as a man would.Jim becomes angry that Antonia is not, at this point ready to invest as much energy with him as he would have enjoyed. The Shimerdas quickly agitated their neighbors by acting in a careless manner because of the entirety of the assistance that they had gotten from their companions. In the long run however, everybody is accommodated. In the wake of living in the nation for a long time Jim's grandparents choose it best to move to Black Hawk with the end goal for Jim to go to class. Antonia likewise comes into this town to work for the Harlings. Oth er migrant nation young ladies additionally begin working in the town, and they become known as the employed girls.Jim spends a great deal of his spare time with Antonia and the Harling kids. Moving turns into the new fierceness in Black Hawk, and Antonia truly begins to appreciate it and starts going constantly. When Antonia begins making an awful name for herself, the Harlings ask Antonia to stop heading off to the moves. Accordingly, Antonia chooses to leave her place of employment and starts working for Wick Cutter. During this time Jim turns into somewhat standoffish and creatures just investing energy with Antonia and a couple of other employed young ladies. Jim starts to concentrate on his investigations a great deal in anticipation of school and can’t stand by to desert Black Hawk when he can.At his school in Lincoln, Jim turns out to be amazingly close with Gaston Cleric, his Latin educator and guide. The two begin to invest a decent measure of energy talking persona lly together. Despite the fact that Jim comes to the acknowledgment that he isn't, and never will, a scholastic as Gaston seems to be. One of Jim’s most loved employed young lady, Lena Lingard, stays with him one day, and they start to revive their past fellowship by going to plays together. The two start hang out, despite the fact that two other men are transparently infatuated with her.As an aftereffect of Lena’s unexpected return his life, Jim starts to allow his evaluations to drop. In light of Jim’s careless way to deal with his homework, Gaston Cleric asks Jim to accompany him to Harvard to proceed with his investigations. To Lena’s alarm, Jim concurs, and follows Gaston to Harvard. Under the watchful eye of entering graduate school two years after the fact, Jim chooses to get back to Black Hawk, where he knows about Antonia. Antonia had obviously gotten pregnant and was locked in to be hitched to Larry Donovan. She had evidently followed Larry to D enver, where he continued to pursue off every last bit of her cash was gone.Antonia had to then get back to her family's cultivate where she at that point conceived an offspring and assisted with working the land. Jim heres of this and goes to visit her. Antonia is somewhat astonished that Jim isn't baffled in her for poor choices. Jim at long last comes back to see Antonia following twenty years passed. He heard that Antonia had at long last gotten hitched, to a man named Anton Cuzak, and together they had bore around ten kids. Jim has additionally heard that Antonia has had a hard life, and he’s somewhat apprehensive about perceiving how the years had influenced her.When he shows up at their ranch, Jim is welcomed by her enormous family. Antonia doesn't appear remember him promptly, yet turns out to be incredibly energized once she does. She continues to give him all around her family’s ranch, which is by all accounts so brimming with life. Wherever they go, everybod y appears to be so glad and substance. Jim is glad to see his beloved companion Antonia looking admirably. He remains the night in the stable with two of the young men, so he may meet Antonia’s spouse and oldest child the following day. The next day Jim meets Cuzak, Antonia’s husband.Jim and Cuzak hit it off promptly, and it gets evident to him that Cuzak and Antonia's marriage is one of shared bliss and uniformity. Jim leaves however guarantees Antonia’s children that he will come back to Black Hawk one day soon, and take them all chasing. On out, Jim finds the old soil street that he once used to lead him home to his grandparents' ranch, and he starts to consider how that street changed his future and how now he has returned round trip back to where he had begun forever and a day prior. Much the same as with any novel, setting plays a key role.Jim's initial introduction of his new home on the Nebraska boondocks is that it appears to be tremendous and void. He feels that he has ventured out of human progress as he knew it, and that Nebraska will be another experience, where he should figure out how to live by another arrangement of rules and direct. Jim is leaving his previous existence totally behind, and will turn into a completely new individual on the Nebraska outskirts. Along these lines, he feels as if his old self is presently â€Å"erased† and â€Å"blotted out† as he goes to his granddad's home. I found that the â€Å"lone plough† additionally held extraordinary centrality in this novel.To me, it demonstrated that while at the time something may appear to be profoundly significant, yet at long last its actually simply an inconsequential memory. Quite a while back that furrow was presumably an unquestionable requirement have on the Nebraska wilderness, and was viewed as a glossy new toy to most ranchers, yet now years after the fact it is left to rust in a field after it turned into not, at this point valuable to its proprietor. Glancing back at the furrow, the rancher likely wouldn’t recall it as the glossy new toy he thought it used to be, yet rather recollects that it as a dependable bit of homestead gear, that's it and nothing less.While these some what little subtleties hold a lot of significance, I found that the bigger picture shocked me to some degree and left me recalling this story. For me, while I read the book I discovered it to some degree intriguing with easily overlooked details occurring to a great extent. With subplots once in a while, and distinctive rising activities in the end prompting a peak. In any case, I believed that the book was somewhat dull, and needed intrigue. Understanding it, got everyday to me. That was until the end. I found that end united it for me.While the story appeared to delay with little inspiration, the end caused me to acknowledge how much the characters truly had achieved. This reminds me life, from everyday things may appear to be exh austing however before you know it, you have achieved probably the biggest objective, and are presently thinking back wishing that you could do it once more. I wind up needing to rehash My Antonia to think back in the character’s little achievements en route; in light of the fact that while in all actuality I will most likely be unable to, in any event with this book I can remember the ascension.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Use for Social Anxiety Disorder

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Use for Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children David Buffington/Photographers Choice/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Goals Cognitive Methods Behavioral Methods Internet CBT View All Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is commonly treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of therapy that first became popular in the 1980s and 1990s for treating anxiety disorders. Research has shown that CBT is a form of therapy that reliably helps in overcoming clinical anxiety disorders.?? CBT is not one set method but rather a combination of various techniques that depend on the disorder being treated. For example, CBT for treating depression will be different from CBT for treating SAD or other anxiety disorders. Because there are so many different techniques, it is important that your therapist is experienced in using CBT for treating social anxiety disorder, and knows which particular techniques are most effective for this disorder. CBT for Depression and Anxiety Goals of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder One of the central goals of CBT is to identify irrational beliefs and thought patterns and replace them with more realistic views. As part of the therapy process, you will work on a number of problem areas including: Misperceptions you may have about your abilities and self-worthGuilt, embarrassment, or anger over past situationsHow to be more assertiveTackling perfectionism and being more realisticDealing with procrastination related to social anxiety?? Your CBT therapy sessions may feel somewhat like a student-teacher relationship. The therapist will take the role of a teacher, outlining concepts and helping you on a path of self-discovery and change. You will also be assigned homework assignments that are key to making progress. Keys for Success There are several keys to success when it comes to CBT for social anxiety disorder. The likelihood that CBT will help you depends largely on your expectations about success, your willingness to complete homework assignments, and your ability to confront uncomfortable thoughts. People who are willing to work hard and believe that CBT will help them are more likely to improve. Although this form of therapy is intensive and requires active participation by the person with SAD, the improvement shown tends to be long-lasting and well worth the effort invested. Cognitive Methods CBT consists of a number of techniques, many of which focus on problematic thinking.?? Cognitive methods help lessen anxiety in interpersonal relationships and groups and give the person with SAD a feeling of control over their anxiety in social situations. The ultimate goal of cognitive therapy is to change your underlying core beliefs which influence how you interpret your environment. A change in your core beliefs will lead to long-lasting improvement of your anxiety symptoms. One of the central problems targeted by CBT is the existence of  automatic negative thoughts. People with SAD have developed automatic negative ways of thinking that are misaligned with reality, increase anxiety, and lessen your ability to cope. These thoughts occur instantly when you think about an anxiety-provoking situation.?? For example, if you have a fear of public speaking, just thinking about the situation will elicit thoughts of embarrassment and fear of failure. The goal of CBT is to replace these cognitive distortions with more realistic views. As a person suffering from SAD, at some point in your life, someone has probably told you to just “think positive.” Unfortunately, the problem is not that simple to solve; if it were, you likely would have overcome your anxiety long ago. Because your brain has become hardwired over time to think negatively and has anxious thoughts, it needs to be gradually trained to think in a new way.?? Just telling yourself “I will be less anxious next time” doesn’t work, given your current way of thinking. How Negative Automatic Thoughts Drive Social Anxiety Changing negative automatic thinking in the long term requires practice and repetition, every day for several months. At first, you might be asked simply to catch negative automatic thoughts and make them rationally neutral. As this becomes easier, you would work your way up to thoughts that are more realistic. Only then does it become automatic and habitual. Over time, your memory processes will be affected and the neural pathways in your brain will be altered. You will begin to think, act, and feel differently, but it will take persistence, practice, and patience for progress to be made. At first, this is a conscious process but as it is practiced and repeated it becomes automatic. Behavioral Methods One of the most commonly used behavioral techniques to treat SAD is known as systematic desensitization. This is a type of exposure training that involves gradually exposing you to anxiety-provoking situations so that over time they elicit less fear.?? Exposure training for SAD has to be a very gradual process. People may have told you to “toughen up and face your fears; unfortunately, this is extremely bad advice. People with social anxiety are already forced to face what they fear on a daily basis. Exposure that is not structured in a gradual step-by-step process does more damage than good. It will make your anxiety worse, keep you locked in a vicious cycle, and eventually lead to doubt and depression. With your therapist, you will gradually expose yourself to feared situations so that over time they no longer elicit fear.?? At first, you may practice imagined exposure, such as imagining giving a speech or practicing a job interview through role-playing. Once the practiced or imagined situation becomes easier, you would move to the situation in the real world. If exposure training moves too fast or the situations are too demanding too soon, it will backfire. 7 Types of Social Fears and the Best Way to Overcome Them Internet CBT for SAD Cognitive behavioral therapy provided over the Internet (i-CBT) is becoming increasingly common and has some research evidence to support its use, particularly when it is supported by a mental health professional.?? Given that CBT follows a structured format, it is particularly suited to online applications including self-help or therapist-supported interventions. This form of CBT may also be helpful for those with severe social anxiety who are not yet at the point of being able to leave home to attend in-person therapy appointments.?? Understanding Agoraphobia or Fear of Leaving the House A Word From Verywell If you live with social anxiety that impairs your day-to-day functioning, it is important to seek help from your doctor or mental health professional. If you are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, an effective treatment plan including CBT can be devised that will help you to overcome symptoms and manage your social anxiety. Find Help With One of the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The And Process Power Of Support - 1264 Words

Psychoeducational and Process: Power of Support Death of a loved one can be overwhelming. The world changes for those in grief. While some may be grateful that loved one is no longer suffering, countless others were not prepared for a family member or friend’s life to end. Maybe the death was sudden or sudden, the child died, nobody can prepare those left behind for the anguish of experiences. Grief often lies beyond words, beyond the simple explanation of of our conscious minds. It is in the unconscious, the mystery of life, that expression the deep wounds and traged of lossis found (Earl, 2007). Group Type Population of Intend Serves Number of Session and Length of Sessions Plan to Approach Diversity Concerns Group Approach with†¦show more content†¦As far as treatment focuses on personal goals and relationships. The fundamental principle of CGT is grief is a natural, adaptive process. As a result, treatment of clients with complicated grief (CG) involves removing the disablements to a successful resolve of the grieving process. Through a variety of loss and restoration-approach methods, the group leaders, simplify, the progress of grief to help the clients come to terms with death (Wetherell, 2012). Integrative Cognitions play a central role in behavior, comments Corey, Corey, and Corey, (2014); it has rewards, it allows a flexible and characteristic of understanding each member’s, problems regardless of their grieving process. Thereby, concentrating on different diverse chooses from many approaches and groups of methods (Corey et al., 2014). For this reason, one of the best-known theoretical approachs, is the integration process. in addition to, have mixture of methods (Dluhy, Saiger, Rubenfeld, 2007). For this reason, the goal of creating an unnoticeable framework produces a two or more theoretical approaches, under the belief that the outcome will be comfortable than theory alone. Thereupon, highlighting, the fundamental of emotion-focused therapy (EFT), which is the role of emotion, in psychotherapeutic change Existential Therapy Existential can be definite as faith, lies, and philosophic anthropology to convey its meaning. The existential approach

Project Analysis Jubilee Insurance And Savannah...

Concept Paper: E-Claims EDI project Background Jubilee Insurance and Savannah Informatics have been involved in a project to automate the transmission of claims data from the health providers directly to Jubilee’s core medical system. The project has been going on for about 18 months. The project is part of an initiative by SHOPS and private health insurers in Kenya who identified the need to develop an industry wide EDI that will enable migration to paperless of claims administration and the insured benefits. of reduced operating costs and increased use of data analytics for business management. The project partners involved in the initial proof of concept phase are mainly Jubilee Insurance, Savannah Informatics and Gertrude’s Children Hospital. If the process is successful for this pilot site, the other health providers will be involved though AKUH has been actively involved. The purpose of this concept paper is to clearly define the project milestones, timelines and Jubilee’s expectation in the eClaims project and define explicitly the engagement with Savannah Informatics as a key partner in the delivery of the product. Purpose Scope The following are limited to the scope of this project: 1. Eligibility checks, Pre-authorization checks in the hospitals. 2. Electronic Claims submission between Jubilee and Gertrude’s Hospital. Description of the EDI Project The overall technical strategy of Jubilee’s partnership with SIL is informed by the following objectives:

What Is Community Work Free Essays

What Is Community Work? Through this essay I will try to create a greater understanding of the term ‘community work’. I will begin with a short summary from two studies which help define the term on a broad basis. I will follow this by an explanation of the various approaches which can be used in community work. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Community Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will highlight the importance the community and voluntary sector have in social partnership in Ireland today. I will also discuss how funding, or a lack of it, impacts on essential services. Whether or not volunteers are an essential part of community work. I will also discuss the possible consequence of losing some of these organisations as a result of cuts in funding. Finally by looking at the work of ‘Community Platform’ I will show how, through a shared vision they hope to create a better Ireland through their work in the community. To understand what community work is it is first necessary to understand the various definitions of community. While this may seem apparent initially, upon closer inspection one will discover that there is no clear consensus. What we do know is that as Hillery, a sociologist working in the 1950s pointed out, all 94 definitions of community referred to people (Mayo 1994). Varley (1988) defines these more concisely into three categories. ?Communities defined in purely special or geographical term. ?Communities defined as relationships that occur within a specific locality. ?Communities defined as relationships which may occur within or transcend conventional geographical boundaries. Working within these categories community workers seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities. We will look at detailed examples of this later. I will first explain my understanding of the five main strands or approaches identified by David A Thomas (1993) in his study of community work in the early 1980s: Community Action: this requires people from a community to come together, recognising the problems that their community faces and taking action to reduce these problems. This approach can have a range of benefits. It helps those individuals involved to develop skills and claim ownership of the outcome. An example of this is when residents come together to campaign for speed bumps or lower speed limits in the area. Community Development: this requires people coming together to develop a range of practices to help improve local conditions, especially for people in disadvantaged situations. It helps people to participate in public decision making and thus achieve greater control of their circumstances. An example of this is when residents turn an area that was once used for anti-social behaviour into a playground for children. This creates a safer environment for local people. Social Planning: this is a process that is carried out through identifying strengths and weaknesses in a community. This is done by designing and implementing programmes, which help to improve the quality of life in that community. It usually involves the action of a political, legal, or recognized voluntary body. An example of this is when an area is identified as having a very large increase in children. This information is acted on and a new school is built in the area. Community Organisation involves various community or welfare agencies working with or without the involvement of statutory authorities, supporting joint initiatives. An example of this is when organisations connect through managing, sponsoring and improving the work of various bodies. This may be carried out at a local, regional or national level. Community Care primarily focuses on the area of healthcare for the disabled, the elderly and the very young. It is a model that encourages members of the community to be active participants in helping themselves. In some cases community care may use professionals in conjunction with volunteers. In other cases volunteers may manage projects with little or no involvement from professionals. Now that we have an understanding of the various definitions of community and have explored the different approaches of community work, we will now look at the how this work is structured in Ireland today with the help of social partnership. Social partnership was set up in Ireland in 1987. Its membership was initially limited to the government, businesses, trade unions and farmers. Organisations representing the unemployed and those experiencing poverty and inequality protested that their members did not benefit from the agreements and so began to lobby to be included in the 1996 negotiations. It was decided in 2000, by the Fianna Fail government, that inclusion of community and voluntary organisations was the way forward. Eight organisations were successful in their efforts when they were selected by the Government to become the Community Voluntary Pillar – the fourth social partnership pillar. It is now made up of seventeen representative organisations. This pillar represents huge progress for marginalised people. Although it is important to remember that in order to make a sustainable difference the voice these organisations have been give, must be listened to. While in theory social partners can be involved in both policy making and implementation of such policy, it is argued ( Meade 2005) that because community and voluntary organisations lack economic clout, they have been granted only marginal influence over the substance of policy decisions. Popples theory in â€Å"Analysing community Work† (1995) states â€Å"Most practitioners are employed in one way or another by the state therefore acting with particular instructions or authority, so that they could be considered to be a subordinate branch of the dominant ‘organic’ intellectuals. Whilst on the other hand the fact that they can be at odds with the dominant ideology and are encouraging individuals and groups to articulate their own discourse means that they do not fully agree with the dominant system. † While it is important that the government is involved and provides subsidises to the voluntary and community sector at a national and community level, it is also fair to say that participation by volunteers in the local community is equally important as they understand what the community requires at a grass roots level. As the Mayfield Community Development Project in Cork advocates, it is fundamental to ask the local people what they need, to encourage as much participation as possible. Cullen (1989) observes that participative community development projects counterbalance the bigness and the bureaucracy of state run welfare agencies. In other words, if the recipients of these services are involved, these agencies become less intimidating and more user-friendly. This approach empowers people to be involved in identifying and meeting their own needs. Although participation from volunteers in the local community is vital, problems can surface when local communities come to rely heavily on the support provided by these volunteers. An example of this occurred when an introduction of community care policies led to reductions in the provision of state sponsored residential care and thus increased the demands on already pressured carers. This issue is particularly relevant today due to the current economic climate. The government is seeking to cut their expenditure in many areas, including the community and voluntary sectors. An Bord Snip Nua’s proposed cuts in funding for community and voluntary organisations will effectively amount to a huge reduction in funding for essential public services. The proposed cut of 64% in the allocation for community and voluntary sector supports, will weaken community and voluntary organisation’s capacity to deliver essential services to the most vulnerable people in society. Which raises the following questions, ? Is the government relying on volunteers too heavily? ? Is lack of funding going to break down the fabric of the community work network in Ireland? ? What are the potential consequences of the proposed cuts? Only in time, will we discover the true answers to these questions but for now let us look at the evidence that is available to us today. Undoubtedly the Governments reliance on volunteers within the community is very apparent. It is important to remember that very often we would not have these volunteers, without the recruitment strategies that are put in place by professionals. It is also crucial volunteers are monitored and get the support they need to carry out their work effectively. Without the funded professional element in community work, it is possible that the quality of service may be compromised. This may result in volunteers becoming over worked by carrying out the duties of the paid professionals. This can lead to volunteers being under too much pressure to carry out their vital work. A consequence of this may be the closure of much needed services, which will impact greatly on society in general. This may lead to a more segregated community with an increased level of problems such as anti-social behaviour and mental health issues to name just two. This is why in my opinion, it is essential to have both professional and voluntary workers in the community for a cohesive approach to the various issues. It is important at this point to examine the vital community work that may be affected by these cuts. I am using the organisation Community Platform as an example. This is an organisation which facilitates both community and voluntary organisations to come together through one voice at a national level. Publishing its pre-budget submission (2010), the Community Platform said that making the poor poorer in order to try to balance the books made absolutely no sense and would have disastrous and costly social consequences. Community platform currently has 29 members that work together to address poverty, social exclusion and inequality. Funding is provided to the Community Platform by the Department of Community, Rural ; Gaeltacht Affairs. The vision of the Community Platform is an Ireland that is inclusive, sustainable and equal. Working closely with all of its members it aims to develop and promote this vision through shared analysis. The following groups are just a small example of the essential services that come under the community platform umbrella: ?Age Action Ireland. Rape Crises Network Ireland. ?Simon Communities of Ireland. ?Womens Aid. ?Community Workers’ Co-operative. By looking at some of the essential services that Community Platform facilitate we can see just how important this community work is and the key services that may suffer because of these cuts. As a result of my studies I have ascertained that community work appears to be many things to many people. It can be a rewardin g experience to both the facilitator and the beneficiary. It can bring people together in the hope of improving circumstances for themselves or others. It can help people to achieve their goals for their community by coming together through one voice. It may be a carried out by a paid professional or a volunteer. Both of which have their own merit. Government support and funding are imperative to sustain the level of help that is needed in the community. However it is evident that when both professionals and volunteers work together, greater results can be achieved. Community work is essential in society to help improve living conditions. With an emphasis on improving the conditions of marginalised, vulnerable people. Bibliography How to cite What Is Community Work, Papers

Pain And Suffering Of Animals For Humans Sake Right Or Wrong Essays

Pain And Suffering Of Animals For Humans' Sake: Right Or Wrong Pain and Suffering of Animals for Humans' Sake: Right or Wrong When you go out to eat and look at your thick and juicy T-bone steak what do you think about? When you look at that gorgeous mink coat in the department store what is going through your mind? When you here that cigarette smoke causes cancer in lab animals what is the first thing that comes to mind? Chances are that in each of these cases you were not thinking about how the cow suffered while it was being fattened up, ho painful the trap was that caught those mink, or the conditions those lab animals hat to endure to develop that cancer. Most people do not think about these things. However, in this paper, you will be enlightened on the pain and suffering of animals in three different industries and you will also hear from the other side of this issue. First, one of the biggest culprits of animal suffering is the animal food industry. This is an industry in which people have a tendency to block out or ignore the animal mistreatment; this is done by disassociating oneself with the direct harm and ignoring the indirect harm (Harnack 133). A good start under this example in the case of pigs. Normally, pigs are intelligent animals capable of showing affection. They have very good senses of smell, which is why pigs have been used as hunting animals (Coats 31). This normal behavior is disrupted however in the food industry. Pigs are taken to slaughter at about twenty-four weeks of age when they are approximately 220 pounds (Coats 32). Pigs are usually mass-caged into groups that consist of other pigs of the same sex and age. This can cause excessive aggressiveness in the animals due to the stifling of the natural social orders, which are accomplished though mixing (Coats 33). Due to inactivity in cages, pigs become ?bored? and do things such as gnaw on the bars of the cage or on the body parts of other pigs. Factory owners attempt to remedy this by doing things such as cutting off a piglet's tail shortly after being born (Coats 33). There is also gender specific cruelty. To reduce aggressiveness, male pigs are castrated. Most of the time, this is done without anesthetic. This is a practice seen in other divisions of the farm industry as well (Coats 33). ?A factory breeding sow [pig] averages two and a half litters a year and ten litters in a life time. With ten or eleven piglets per litter, she brings 100-110 piglets into the systems during the first four to five years of her life? (Coats 34). The pig factory owners try to get the greatest amount of piglets in the least amount of time. They do this by trying to find the optimum amount of time to leave a piglet with his mother. The later a piglet is weaned away from his mother, the better chance it will live, however this is time that the mother is not pregnant (Coats 34). Pigs confined in cages in factories have a high rate of disease and physical problems that range from respiratory diseases to lame and broken legs (Coats 45). Next, we have cows. Cows have the ?opportunity? to go into three different division of the farming industry: dairy cow, veal calf, or beef cow (Coats 7). Firstly, concerning milk cows, the only time that a female cow produces milk is after she has had a calf, and she only produces for as long as the calf suckles (Coats 50). To keep the cows producing milk, they must be impregnated about once a year and give birth (Coats 56). While a calf is still getting milk from its mother, it drinks small quantities about twenty times a day. The cow replenishes itself as needed. In the dairy farm, a cow is ?sucked dry? approximately two to three times per day. This forces a cow to be over loaded and weighed down with milk (Coats 50-51). When an exceptional cow is found, she is put aside for breeding. She is given drugs to induce the production of more eggs. These eggs are